Paranasal Sinus (Paediatric, Suspected)

• The paranasal sinuses are divided into four pairs 1
• Maxillary antra (present at birth)
• Ethmoid air cells (present at birth)
• Sphenoid sinuses (begin to develop at approximately 9 months)
• Frontal sinuses (begin to develop at approximately 5 years)
• Acute rhinosinusitis is preferred over the term sinusitis for the following reasons 2
• Symptoms of rhinitis generally precede those of sinusitis
• Sinusitis without rhinitis is unusual
• The nasal and paranasal sinus mucosa are continuous
• Acute rhinosinusitis is defined as the sudden onset of two or more of the following symptoms that have been present for less than 12 weeks: there may be disease free intervals if the problem is recurrent 3
• Discoloured nasal discharge
• Nasal blockage/obstruction/congestion
• Cough at daytime and night-time
• Most cases of acute rhinosinusitis are viral in aetiology 3
• The following features suggest acute bacterial acute rhinosinusitis 3,4
• Symptoms persisting for greater than 10 days without improvement
• Abrupt increase in severity of symptoms following a period of improvement
• Fever greater than 38 degrees
• Discoloured discharge with unilateral predominance
• Purulent secretion in cavum nasi
• Elevated ESR / CRP
• Chronic rhinosinusitis is defined as two or more of the following symptoms present continuously for more than 12 weeks, one of which should be the first two listed 3
• Nasal blockage / congestion / obstruction
• Anterior/posterior nasal drip
• Facial pain /pressure
• Cough
• Chronic rhinosinusitis is a challenging diagnosis in children as the symptoms overlap with a range of other conditions including viral URTI, adenoid hypertrophy/adenoiditis and allergic rhinitis. Physical examination can also be difficult in young children and nasal endoscopy, which can assist with making the diagnosis, is often not possible in young children 3
• Previously children with persistent or severe symptoms were evaluated with sinus radiographs. It is now recognised that radiographs can both overestimate and underestimate the extent of sinus disease. They are technically difficult to perform in young children and are now generally not indicated. This is supported by the American College of Radiology guidelines 5
• Although the diagnosis of acute sinusitis should be made on clinical grounds, the accuracy of this is not well documented when compared with the gold standard of direct sinus puncture. Direct sinus puncture is rarely performed due to its invasiveness and cost 6

• MRI is the imaging modality of choice when intracranial complications such as epidural empyema or brain abscess are suspected clinically or on CT 6,9
• MRI provides better soft tissue resolution over CT and is helpful in defining the true extent of a paranasal sinus soft tissue tumour 13
• Paranasal sinus tissue/fluid changes can last for 8 weeks of more on MRI following an acute infection and are commonly found as an incidental finding 14,15
• Is inferior to CT at depicting osteomeatal complex osseous detail

Paediatric headache

• When imaging is required, CT is generally considered the investigation of choice for both acute and chronic rhinosinusitis 7
• When paranasal sinus surgery is being considered CT is indicated as it provides excellent detail of bone anatomy and may show anatomical variations that predispose to sinus pathology 8
• Although complications of rhinosinusitis are relatively rare they can result in permanent neurological deficit or fatality. One of the main aims of imaging is to detect these complications 9
• CT can over diagnose rhinosinusitis with incidental mucosal changes a common finding on scans performed for other indications 10,11
• Complications of rhinosinusitis are most commonly orbital in nature. When patients with sinusitis symptoms present with orbital swelling, ptosis, visual changes and cranial nerve palsies contrast enhanced CT is recommended to diagnose orbital cellulitis +/- abscess formation 6
• Isolated sphenoid sinusitis is a relatively rare form of sinusitis that can be detected on both CT and MRI. Sphenoid sinusitis is more commonly seen as part of pansinusitis but isolated sphenoid sinusitis can have devastating consequences due to its critical anatomical relations12